Statistical Analysis
Participants contributed follow-up time from the return of the 1986 questionnaire up to the occurrence of a confirmed stroke, death, or January 31, 1994. Intakes of potassium and other nutrients were energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d. 16 Relative risks (RR) were calculated by dividing the incidence of stroke among men in each fifth of energy-adjusted potassium intake at baseline by the incidence among men in the lowest fifth of intake. Similar calculations were done for the other nutrients. We adjusted RRs for age (5-year categories) 17 and used the Mantel extension test 18 to test for linear trends. To adjust for other risk factors, we used pooled logistic regression with 2-year intervals. When the probability of an event within an interval is small, this method is equivalent to a Cox proportional-hazards analysis. 19 Multivariate models included as covariates calendar time (2-year intervals), total energy intake (continuous variable), smoking (current, past, and 1 to 14, 15 to 24, and ?25 cigarettes/d), alcohol consumption (<5, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 29, and ?30 g/d), history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 65 years, profession, and quintiles of body mass index and physical activity. In these models, we evaluated monotonic trends by using the median value of each category and modeling this as a continuous variable. All P values are 2-sided. Covariates were not updated during the follow-up.
Efficiency
Through the 323 394 individual-several years of go after-right up, i recorded 328 cases of cerebrovascular injuries (50 fatal), in addition to 210 ischemic, 70 hemorrhagic, and you will forty-eight unclassified strokes. Males on the better fifth regarding potassium intake (in addition to potassium out-of tablets) was basically less inclined to smoking, have been far more directly effective, and ate quicker alcoholic drinks, quicker pounds, much more necessary protein, and more micronutrients than males in the bottom 5th (Dining table 1 ). Comparable connections was located having magnesium, dietary fiber, and you will calcium supplements (data not revealed). Age-adjusted RR off total heart attack for males from the most useful fifth out of potassium consumption weighed against those who work in the bottom 5th try 0.59 (Desk dos ). That it RR was quite attenuated because of the adjustment for nondietary risk issues (RR=0.62) and by further variations for consumption off magnesium and soluble fiber (RR=0.69). The newest corresponding connections having ischemic coronary attack have been comparable, whereas no extreme contacts was indeed observed to possess hemorrhagic coronary arrest (data maybe not found). Further changes having intakes away from overall weight, protein, saturated fat, supplement C, e vitamin, carotene, or folic acid didn’t materially replace the connection anywhere between potassium intake and you may chance of full coronary attack, neither performed changes getting standard systolic and you can diastolic hypertension otherwise inclusion towards make of a socializing identity ranging from years and you can blood pressure levels.
Consumption off fibre and magnesium was in fact both inversely of the danger of overall heart attack within the years-modified analyses (Desk dos ). Such contacts have been just sparingly attenuated from the adjustment getting nondietary chance products, nevertheless they was indeed substantially weakened inside regression patterns one to simultaneously provided potassium, magnesium, and you can fiber by the positive correlations ranging from consumption out-of these types of diet (Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.65 getting magnesium and you will potassium, 0.62 to have magnesium and you will dietary fiber, and you will 0.58 to have potassium and you can fiber).
Neither calcium supplements neither sodium intake (study maybe not shown) try somewhat with the chance of complete, ischemic, or hemorrhagic stroke. Salt intake has also been not related to intake regarding potassium (Pearson correlation = ?0.02) and you may wasn’t reviewed next. Just like the for the a previous research a keen inverse organization was said anywhere between calcium from milk source and chance of stroke, 20 i examined which matchmaking in our cohort. local college hookup app New multivariate risk towards finest in contrast to the beds base quintile out of dairy calcium supplements intake is actually 0.83 (95% CI, 0.59, 1.17) for complete (Dining table dos ), 0.90 (95% CI, 0.59, 1.37) to have ischemic, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.36, step 1.51) having hemorrhagic coronary arrest; a decreased occurrence of each and every outcome try noticed in the center quintile regarding consumption. As well as, i checked whether or not the threat of coronary attack are all the way down certainly guys who reported having fun with calcium at the baseline. The new RR for men which got ?400 mg/d of extra calcium supplements compared to nonusers was 0.88 to possess full coronary arrest (95% CI, 0.sixty, step 1.27) and you may 0.83 having ischemic heart attack (95% CI, 0.52, 1.34).
